Prelims Focus 3rd July 2024
Santhal Hul
In News: Every year in Jharkhand, June 30 is observed as Hul Diwas, marking the anniversary of the 1855 Santhal rebellion/ Santhal Hul, one of the earliest peasant uprisings against the British.
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- Santhal Hul of 1855 changed into a rebellion towards imperialism led by 4 brothers, Sidho, Kanho, Chand, and Bhairav Murmu, at the side of sisters Phulo and Jhano.
- The Santhals also fought against the higher castes, zamindars, darogas, and moneylenders, defined by the umbrella term ‘diku’, in an attempt to protect the financial, cultural, and spiritual aspects in their lives.
- Genesis of the uprising
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- In 1832, positive areas had been delimited as ‘Santhal Pargana’ or ‘Damin-i-Koh’, in present-day Jharkhand.
- The location was allotted to the Santhals from areas of the Bengal Presidency.
- However they followed the repressive practice of land-grabbing and begari (bonded labor) of types: kamioti and harwahi.
- The Murmu brothers led around 60,000 Santhals in opposition to the East India Company and engaged in guerrilla struggle.
- The British hanged Sidhu in 1855, observed via Kanhu in 1856.
Shyok River
In News: Five soldiers killed after T-72 tank swept away in Shyok river in eastern Ladakh
- The Shyok river is a tributary of the Indus river, located within the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.
- The river machine originates inside the Rimo Glacier of Siachen and flows through the Karakoram Range and enters Gilgit–Baltistan.
- The Nubra River is a tributary of the River Shyok .
Caribbean Islands
In News: Hurricane Beryl caused extensive damage to homes in the southeastern Caribbean, particularly on the island of Carriacou, as it became the earliest Category 4 storm in the Atlantic due to warm ocean temperatures. The storm rapidly intensified from a tropical depression to a major hurricane in less than two days.
- The Caribbean is a region in the western Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and north of South America.
- It includes more than 700 islands, islets, reefs, and cays.
- The islands have a tropical climate and are known for their white sand beaches, turquoise waters, and palm trees.
- The Caribbean Sea is approximately 1,063,000 square miles (2,753,000 square km) in extent.
- The region is home to 13 sovereign states and several dependent territories.
Road Cave-ins
In News: Recent heavy rainfall has caused several road cave-ins in various cities, including newly constructed roads like Ram Path in Ayodhya and a road in Ahmedabad.
- Road cave-ins, also known as sinkholes or subsidence, occur when the ground beneath a road collapses, leading to the sudden formation of a hole or depression.
- This phenomenon poses significant risks to public safety, infrastructure, and transportation networks.
- Understanding the causes, impacts, and mitigation strategies for road cave-ins is essential for urban planners, engineers, and policymakers to ensure the safety and resilience of roadways.
- Road cave-ins can be caused by natural factors such as geological conditions and water infiltration, as well as human activities like construction and excavation.
- These cave-ins can have significant impacts on public safety, economic costs, and environmental damage.
- To mitigate the risks of road cave-ins, preventive measures such as geotechnical surveys and water management, as well as engineering solutions like robust design and flexible pavement, can be implemented.
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