Prelims Focus 2nd January 2025

All India Muslim League

In News: On December 30, 1906, the All India Muslim League, which played a key role in the partition of India into two nations, was established.

• The All India Muslim League, founded in 1906 in Dhaka, was a political organization aimed at representing the interests of Muslims in British India. 
• Initially supportive of British rule, it shifted towards advocating for self-governance by 1913. Under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the League became pivotal in promoting Muslim nationalism and ultimately called for a separate Muslim state, leading to the creation of Pakistan in 1947. 
• Its evolution from a platform for Muslim rights to a movement for partition significantly shaped the socio-political landscape of the Indian subcontinent.

Birth Certificates of Transgender’s

In News: Five years after the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, came into effect, the Karnataka High Court has intervened to grant a transgender woman permission to update her name and gender on her birth certificate. 

• This approval comes after she was previously denied the change, despite it being clearly allowed under the 2019 Act and its associated rules.
• Transgender individuals in India can now obtain birth certificates reflecting their gender identity, a significant step towards legal recognition. 
• The process requires a self-declaration certificate and supporting documents, such as a medical certificate confirming their gender. 

Trinidad and Tobago

In News: Trinidad and Tobago has declared a nation of emergency because of a surge in violence, which include gang-related shootings.

• • Capital: Port of Spain
  • Location: Southernmost Caribbean island nation, situated:
    • northeast of Venezuela
    • south of Grenada
    • In the Atlantic Ocean

• Geographic Features:

• • Rivers: Ortoire River, Caroni River, Nariva River
  • Mountains:Northern Range (Trinidad)
  • Highest Peak: El Cerro del Aripo (940 meters)   

Belly-landing

In News: The tragic crash of Jeju Air flight 7C2216 at Muan International Airport, South Korea, raises critical questions about the opportunity of Belly-Landing.

• A belly landing, also sometimes referred to as a gear-up landing, takes place while a plane lands without its landing gear extended. This means the plane’s underside, or fuselage, makes contact with the runway in preference to the wheels.
• Belly-landings are rare and typically utilized in emergencies while:
  • The landing equipment fails to deploy.
  • Pilots choose it due to more secure stopping options without wheels.
• Risks of Belly-Landing:
  • Increased friction generates sparks, probably causing means .
  • Wings being close to the ground require precise alignment; any tilt could result in catastrophic damage.

Google Willow Chip

In News: Google launched its latest quantum processor named ‘Willow,’ which created large fulfillment within the ability of quantum computers to tackle realistic troubles.

• Willow has 105 physical qubits and operates at extremely low temperatures.
• It boasts better error correction and faster performance than different quantum computers.
• Operates at close to absolute zero temperatures (-273.15° C) for max stability.
• The coherence time of Willow’s records qubits is about 100 microseconds, progressed by blunders correction protocols.
• Willow’s architecture allows for lower error rates with extra qubits.
• Google tested Willow using Random Circuit Sampling (RCS), a computationally tough assignment, which Willow finished in a couple of minutes, outperforming classical computer systems by a massive margin.

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