Heatwaves in India and Their Impact

Context

Heatwaves are becoming increasingly frequent and severe in India, posing significant challenges to public health, agriculture, and infrastructure. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued heatwave alerts for several regions, emphasizing the need for awareness and preparedness. 

What is a Heatwave?

A heatwave is a prolonged period of excessively high temperatures, often accompanied by high humidity, that surpasses the usual climatic conditions of a region. According to the IMD:

• In plains, a heatwave is declared when the maximum temperature exceeds 40°C and is 4.5°C above normal.
• In hilly areas, it is declared when temperatures exceed 30°C with a similar deviation.
• Severe heat waves occur when the temperature rises more than 6.4°C above normal.

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines heatwaves as periods of abnormally high temperatures lasting at least five consecutive days, with daily maximum temperatures exceeding the average by 5°C or more.

Causes of Heatwaves

1. Meteorological Factors:
   • High-pressure systems trap warm air near the surface, preventing heat dissipation.
   • Lack of cloud cover intensifies solar radiation.
2. Climate Change:
   • Rising global temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions have increased the frequency and intensity of heatwaves.
   • Urban heat islands, caused by concrete structures and reduced vegetation, exacerbate the problem in cities.
3. Geographical Factors:
   • Regions like northern and central India are more prone to heatwaves due to their arid and semi-arid climates.

Impacts of Heatwaves

1. Public Health:
   • Heatwaves can cause heat exhaustion, heatstroke, and dehydration.
   • Vulnerable groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions, face higher risks.
   • Prolonged exposure to extreme heat can lead to cardiovascular and respiratory issues.
2. Agriculture:
   • High temperatures reduce crop yields by affecting soil moisture and plant growth.
   • Livestock suffer from heat stress, impacting milk and meat production.
3. Economy:
   • Increased energy demand for cooling strains power grids.
   • Heatwaves disrupt labor productivity, particularly in outdoor sectors like construction and agriculture.
4. Environment:
   • Heatwaves exacerbate water scarcity and increase the risk of wildfires.
   • They also affect biodiversity, with many species struggling to adapt to rising temperatures.

Heatwave Preparedness and Safety Measures

1. Government Initiatives:
   • The IMD issues daily heatwave warnings and advisories.
   • Heat Action Plans (HAPs) have been implemented in several states to mitigate the impact of heatwaves.
2. Individual Precautions:
   • Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water and avoid alcohol and caffeinated beverages.
   • Avoid Peak Heat Hours: Limit outdoor activities between 12 PM and 3 PM.
   • Wear Appropriate Clothing: Opt for lightweight, light-colored, and loose-fitting clothes.
   • Use Cooling Measures: Use fans, air conditioning, or take cool showers to regulate body temperature.
3. Community Measures:
   • Establish cooling centers in public spaces.
   • Conduct awareness campaigns to educate people about heatwave risks and safety.

Conclusion

Heatwaves are a growing challenge in India, driven by climate change and urbanization. While immediate safety measures can mitigate their impact, long-term strategies are essential to build resilience against extreme heat. Public awareness, government initiatives, and community participation are key to addressing this pressing issue. By adopting sustainable practices and enhancing preparedness, India can safeguard its population and economy from the adverse effects of heatwaves.

Source: BS

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