AFSPA Extended in Manipur, Nagaland & Arunachal Pradesh

Context

The Central Government of India has announced the extension of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in several districts of Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh for another six months, effective from April 1, 2025. This decision comes amid ongoing security concerns and unrest in these northeastern states.

What is AFSPA?

AFSPA, enacted in 1958, grants special powers to the armed forces in regions declared as ‘disturbed areas.’ These powers include:

• Prohibiting gatherings and imposing restrictions on movement.
• Conducting searches and arrests without warrants.
• Using force, including lethal measures, if deemed necessary for public order.

AFSPA has been controversial due to concerns over human rights violations. Critics argue that it provides sweeping powers with limited accountability, while proponents emphasize its necessity for combating insurgency and maintaining national security.

Background of AFSPA

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act was enacted in 1958 to address the insurgency and law and order challenges in the northeastern states of India. It grants special powers to the armed forces in designated “disturbed areas,” allowing them to conduct searches, make arrests, and use force, including lethal force, without prior approval. The Act has been a subject of intense debate, with proponents arguing it is essential for national security, while critics highlight its potential for human rights abuses.

Current Situation in Manipur

• Ethnic Violence and President’s Rule: Beginning in May 2023, Manipur saw huge ethnic violence, mainly between the Meitei and Kuki communities. The violence has thus far resulted in over 250 deaths and large-scale displacement. In view of the deteriorating security situation, President’s Rule was imposed in Manipur on February 13, 2025, after the resignation of Chief Minister N Biren Singh. 
• Details of Extension of AFSPA: The extension of AFSPA in Manipur applies to the whole state except for the areas covered by 13 police stations in five districts: Imphal West, Imphal East, Thoubal, Bishnupur, and Kakching. MHA declared that this action was taken after a detailed review of the law-and-order situation in the state, which is still considered disturbed as referred to under Section 3 of AFSPA.

Extension in Nagaland

• Areas Affected: The AFSPA law has, therefore, been extended to eight districts in Nagaland. They are Dimapur, Niuland, Chumoukedima, Mon, Kiphire, Noklak, Phek, and Peren. It also applies to 21 police station areas in five other districts. The government, however, derives this extension on security grounds. 
• Historical Context: Nagaland is known for a history of insurgency and autonomy demands. Even here, the imposition of AFSPA rules several contrived arguments. The extension shows that the same tensions are prevalent with regard to government opinion on military deployment to maintain order.

Extension in Arunachal Pradesh

• Affected Districts: In Arunachal Pradesh, AFSPA would apply to Tirap, Changlang, and Longding districts. Besides, it should apply to areas of the Namsai district which border Assam. This trend has been similar in extensions concerning Manipur and Nagaland and is based on security assessments that there are still volatile areas in those parts. 
• Implications for Local Communities: AFSPA is much more than a law; it also affects local communities. It will bring order and restore peace from insurgency. However, it also brings with it questions of civil liberty and violations of human rights. Local activists have always questioned the applicability of this law, whether in terms of repeal or amendment, because of the abuses meted out to the people by security forces.

Government’s Justification

The MHA justified the extension by highlighting the need for a robust security framework to prevent further escalation of violence. The government plans periodic reviews of the situation to assess whether these powers remain necessary or if modifications can be made.

Conclusion

The extension of AFSPA in Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh underscores ongoing security challenges faced by these northeastern states. While the government cites security concerns as justification for maintaining military presence under this controversial law, it also highlights a critical need for dialogue and conflict resolution strategies that address underlying issues rather than relying solely on military measures. As tensions persist and calls for reform grow louder, the future application of AFSPA will likely remain a contentious issue within India’s broader discourse on governance and human rights in conflict-affected regions.

Source: The Hindu

UPSC Mains Practice Question

Q. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) has been a subject of debate due to its implications on human rights and internal security. Critically analyze the need for AFSPA in conflict-prone regions while suggesting measures to balance security concerns with civil liberties.

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